金佛山方竹次生林类型与经营措施

金佛山方竹是我国较有特色的笋用竹种，笔者在其中心分布区的大量样地调查基础上，用平方和距离法将金佛山方竹次生林划分成10个类型，并分析了各种类型的特征，提出了相应的经营措施。     

Amazonian deforestation and global warming: carbon stocks in vegetation replacing Brazil''s Amazon forest

Carbon stocks in vegetation replacing forest in Brazilian Amazonia affect net emissions of greenhouse gases from land-use change. A Markov matrix of annual transition probabilities was constructed to estimate landscape composition in 1990 and to project future changes, assuming behavior of farmers and ranchers remains unchanged. The estimated 1990 landscape was 5.4% farmland, 44.8% productive pasture, 2.2% degraded pasture, 2.1% ‘young’ (1970 or later) secondary forest derived from agriculture, 28.1% ‘young’ secondary forest derived from pasture, and 17.4% ‘old’ (pre-1970) secondary forest. The landscape would eventually approach an equilibrium of 4.0% farmland, 43.8% productive pasture, 5.2% degraded pasture, 2.0% secondary forest derived from agriculture, and 44.9% secondary forest derived from pasture. An insignificant amount is regenerated ‘forest’ (defined as secondary forest over 100 years old). Average total biomass (dry matter, including below-ground and dead components) was 43.5 t ha⁻¹ in 1990 in the 410 × 10³ km² deforested by that year for uses other than hydroelectric dams. At equilibrium, average biomass would be 28.5 t ha⁻¹ over all deforested areas (excluding dams). These biomass values are more than double those forming the basis of deforestation emission estimates currently used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Although higher replacement landscape biomass decreases net emissions from deforestation, these estimates still imply large net releases.     

香果树种子休眠和萌发的生理特性

为了解决香果树Emmenopterys henryi种子萌发困难的问题,使用不同的光照条件较系统地研究了香果树种子休眠和萌发的生理特性.结果表明:香果树种子属典型的光敏感性种子,在黑暗中无论恒温或变温条件下均完全不能萌发;整个萌发过程需1 000 lx光照强度和每天照光16 h;在光照条件下适宜的萌发温度为20℃、25℃恒温,其次是30℃恒温和30℃(日)、20℃(夜)变温.     

土壤盐胁迫下杨树次生木质部的解剖特征

对生长在苏北沿海防护林不同土壤盐度下的主栽树种杨树(欧美杨无性系69杨)进行了解剖,描述了杨树次生木质部结构的特征,测量了次生木质部的16个数量特征：年轮宽度(ARW)、导管长度(VL)、早材和晚材的导管分子面积(VA)、导管周长(VP)、导管直径(VD)、导管单孔率(PSV)、导管频率(VF)、纤维长度(FL)、纤维宽度(FW)、射线高度(RH)和射线频率(RF)。实验结果表明,在不同的土壤盐度胁迫下：(1)杨树次生木质部形态特征的差别不明显,但是组成分子趋向于小型化。(2)次生木质部数量特征的变化比较明显,即当土壤含盐量从0．036％逐渐升高到0．289％,杨树的年轮宽度变小,0．91→0．77mm;纤维长度和宽度的变化分别为693．8→570μm和14．9→13．5μm,射线高度和频率的变化分别为284．3→249．2μm和58．9→75．5mm^-2,表明在盐胁迫下杨树的生长受到抑制。随着盐度的增加0．036％→0．289％,杨树导管长度减小,367．6→341．5μm;在早材和晚材中,导管面积变化分别为1575．6→1703．6μm^2和760．1→947．7μm^2,导管周长变化分别为167．7→195．1μm和120．8→143．7μm,导管直径的变化分别为41．8→43．4μm和29．1→33．1μm,导管频率的变化分别为141．8→144．2mm^-2和160→206．7mm^-2;导管单孔率的变化分别为65．9％→30．5％和59．4％→40．8％。这些都表明在盐胁迫下杨树的导管缩短变粗,呈聚集分布,输水效率和输水安全性都有所提高。     

Plant diversity of secondary forests in response to anthropogenic disturbance levels in montane regions of northeastern China

The effects of anthropogenic disturbances on forest structure and plant diversity of secondary forest ecosystems were evaluated based on the classification by site factors in the montane regions of northeastern China. Forty-five sample plots containing 720 sub-plots of overstory species (8 m × 8 m), 1,440 quadrats of understory species (2 m × 2 m), and 1,440 quadrats of herbaceous layer species (1 m × 1 m) were clustered into five groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) by site variables with Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Meanwhile, the disturbance levels corresponding to the five groups were determined according to the factors influencing human disturbances (D0-G2, D1-G1, D2-G3, D3-G5, and D4-G4). Species diversities of overstory, understory, herbaceous layer and overall species were evaluated using species number, Margalef index, Pielou index, Shannon–Wiener index, and Simpson index; and β-diversities (Whittaker index, Cody index). Basal area of stands exhibited a decreasing trend along the disturbance level due to a gradual increase in the extraction of timber by the human disturbances. The indices of species diversity suggested that overstory and understory species were distributed evenly among the groups or disturbance levels. There were no absolutely dominant tree species in the secondary forest ecosystems. The differences in site factors and the current disturbance intensities were not intense enough to lead to loose changes in overstory and understory species. The species diversity indices exhibited the maximum values at D3 (G5) for herbaceous layer species; this may suggest that the current disturbance intensities were intense enough to lead the changes of herbaceous layer species. Three rare and endangered species (Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica and Acanthopanax senticosus) were found within the secondary forests. These rare and endangered species appeared in each clustered group or disturbance level, which suggested that the current disturbance intensity in the study area was not strong enough to influence the distribution of rare and endangered species. The current disturbances in the secondary forests may not lead to a decrease in stability and complexity of the overstory and understory species, but the higher disturbance level may be intense enough to change the habitat fitness for the herbaceous species. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized authors.     

温度调控对北方盆栽蓝莓开花的影响

以北方盆栽蓝莓美登和北蓝为研究对象,通过人为温度控制,促使盆栽蓝莓提前开花。研究表明,盆栽美登(Blomidon)在需冷量达到1200h,盆栽北蓝(Northern blue)在需冷量达到1000h情况下,可以通过温度调控,打破盆栽蓝莓休眠期,达到提前开花的目的。     

刺楸种子打破休眠和变温催芽试验

通过对刺楸进行打破休眠和变温催芽试验,研究了刺楸种子深度休眠的机理和催芽方法,结果表明:引起深度休眠的主要原因是种胚发育不完全,尚需一定的时间和温度条件才能完成种胚的发育,种子采收后须立即用湿河沙堆藏,层积处理的天数不少于120d。     

水稻穗发芽研究进展

作物收获前的穗发芽是一个严重的全球性农业生产问题。经过漫长的驯化过程,栽培作物的休眠 水平普遍低于野生祖先。尽管休眠期的缩短可能提高作物的繁殖代数和农业产值,但过早的休眠释放使作物在 成熟收获前发生穗萌发,造成巨大的经济损失。从穗发芽的生理基础、穗发芽相关 QTL 和基因、穗发芽防控及 展望等方面对水稻穗发芽现象进行梳理,认为高含水量是水稻种子萌发和穗发芽的先决条件,该过程中,淀粉 酶活性增强和可溶性糖含量升高为穗发芽提供能量,水稻籽粒中植物激素 ABA 和 GA 的含量及种子对二者的敏 感性是决定穗发芽的关键所在。近年来,穗发芽相关 QTL 及其功能基因的挖掘为阐明水稻穗萌机理以及培育穗 发芽抗性品种提供重要依据。从长远来看,广泛开展水稻种质资源鉴评,尤其在野生稻、地方品种中寻找丢失 的休眠基因,并通过分子育种途径聚集此类基因,培育抗穗萌品系（品种）,对于解决穗发芽问题、提高水稻 产量和品质、保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义。     

顽拗性种子脱水敏感性研究进展

植物种子的脱水敏感性研究对种质资源的引种栽培和迁地保护具有重要意义。本研究综合评述了不同植物种子,尤其是具有休眠特性的顽拗性种子的脱水敏感性,归纳了顽拗性种子脱水耐性的模型构建、生态适应性策略、贮藏条件、脱水敏感性的发生调控机制等,并对顽拗性种子未来的研究方向进行了展望,旨在为顽拗性种子的贮藏及物种生物多样性保护研究提供有价值的信息。     

杏树次生代谢物质含量与小蠹虫危害的关系

为揭示杏树次生代谢物质含量与小蠹虫危害的关系,通过对小蠹虫不同危害程度的杏树树皮和树叶中的次生代谢物质(黄酮、单宁、总酚)质量分数进行研究,用方差分析和相关性分析判断各个次生代谢物质质量分数的变化与小蠹虫危害之间的关系。结果表明:不同危害程度的杏树,叶片中这3个次生代谢物质的质量分数间均无显著差异(P0.05);不同危害程度的杏树皮中黄酮和总酚质量分数之间存在显著差异(P0.05);不同危害程度的树皮中的单宁质量分数间无显著差异。经过相关性分析,受害程度与树皮中的次生代谢物质(黄酮、单宁、总酚)质量分数呈负相关性,总酚质量分数与受害程度的相关性最大,黄酮次之,单宁最小,其中与总酚在8月的相关性最大为(r=-0.878**),与单宁质量分数相关性在6月最小(r=-0.280)。